The international air transport association iata guideline. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr. Aviation turbine fuels, kerosene type jet a1 ioc jeta 1. However, the cost per passenger departing from an eu airport 0. In the process, the high price of jet fuel contributed to the bankruptcy of several airlines and was one factor motivating other airlines to merge. The chromatogram of our jeta sample coincides with the typical chromatogram provided in. Jet a or jet a 1 aviation fuel jet a jet a 1 may 2014. Provided herein are, among other things, jet fuel compositions and methods of making and using the same. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are jet a and jet a1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. Kerosenetype fuels include jet a, jet a1, jp5 and jp8. Both of these fuel types are approved for use in commercial aviation at up to a 50% blend with petroleum jet fuel. Identification of the substancemixture and of the companyundertaking 1. It has the same flash point as jet a1 but a higher freeze point maximum 40c.
Besides providing a source of energy, fuel is also used as hydraulic. Performance properties since the primary function of aviation turbine fuel jet fuel is to power an aircraft,energycontent and combustion quality are key fuel performance properties. Impact of alternative jet fuel and fuel blends on non. Civil aviation fuel jet fuel specifications shell global.
Energy density of aviation fuel the physics factbook. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Jet propellant 5 standard high flash point navy fuel, milt5624 suggest new definition. This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
Ioc jet a1 is a petroleum distillate blended from kerosene fractions having aromatics below 20 % vv, total sulphur below 0. Aviation technical aviation fuels chevron corporation. Jet fuel produced from shale o il was first proposed and investigated as a viable option in the 1970s by the u nited sta tes. Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date. Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleumbased fuel used to power aircraft. Jp4 is a naphthatype fuel made by blending straightrun. Jet a1 is the most widespread type of jet fuel globally for use in turbofan and turboproppowered commercial aircraft. Jet propellant 5 standard high flash point navy fuel, milt5624.
Military fuels differ from commercial use in a few different ways. What would happen if you put jet fuel in a car and. Astm d6615 15a2019 standard specification for jet b. The goal of this study was analysis of a spectrum of soot for the aforementioned aspects of chemistry.
Product specification sheet jet a or jet a 1 aviation fuel. Now with declining petroleum resources and shocking surge in the price of fuel, combined with the increase in political and environmental concern and the current economic downturn, it is imperative to develop renewably clean and energyefficient technologies for producing sustainable products. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Sep 15, 2017 for this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Jet fuels, jp 4 may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Jet a versus diesel fuel march 17, 2011 by kent misegades the gafuels blog is written by two private pilots concerned about the future availability of fuels for pistonengine aircraft. The range of their sizes molecular weights or carbon numbers is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, freezing point or smoke point. Although these fuels differ in things such as volatility and freezing points, their energy density, or heat content, is just about the same.
Membership is open to all individuals or organizations having an interest in stability, handling and use of liquid fuels. Astm d165519a covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications of aviation turbine fuel under. It is supplied against the astm d1655 jet a specification. Elastomer and fuels compatibility chart for additional information please contact a fairchild applications engineer at 3366593400. It is difficult to determine the composition of fuel jeta. All economic sectors, including aviation, are experiencing growing pressure to reduce their greenhousegas ghg emissions. Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene.
Additives such as antioxidants, metal deactivator, electrical conductivity additive, leak detection additive, and other additives including biocidal additive and fuel system icing inhibitor, may be added to the aviation turbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified. Jeta versus diesel fuel march 17, 2011 by kent misegades the gafuels blog is written by two private pilots concerned about the future availability of fuels for pistonengine aircraft. Product identifier product name aviation jet fuel jet a1 jeta1 product number id 10505 internal identification 145163 1. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. The world is changing and so is the aviation industry. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against. Chemical compositionproperty relation of jet fuels. Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted material and other nearby combustibles. Considering the fact that due to the high production levels its less expensive than either kerosene or diesel, please focus o. In some embodiments, the fuel compositions comprise at least a fuel component readily and efficiently produced, at least in part, from a microorganism. Chemical compositionproperty relation of jet fuels request pdf. Standard specification for jet b widecut aviation turbine fuel. The industry has been able to find valuable uses for many of these secondary products including, for instance, lubricating oils, bitumen and asphalt, lpgs.
Safety data sheet aviation jet fuel jet a1 jeta1 section 1. Combustion data for jet a, its constituent components, and surrogate mixtures. With price fluctuations causing fuel costs to vary wildly by type, many are led to ponder alternative ways to power their diesel and jet engines. The most common commercial jet fuel is jet a and jet a1 which is a cheaper and less refined version of the jet fuel blend and does not contain all the. Investigation of byproduct application to jet fuel. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use. The fuel jeta is a mixture of a large number of hydrocarbons see figure 3. One of the basic properties required from aviation fuel is of course, energy density. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature, among other properties. A jet fuel should have high thermal stability, particularly if it is to be used in supersonic aircraft, where the temperature of the fuel in the tanks may exceed 150200c. Jet a is a similar kerosene type of fuel, produced to an astm specification and normally only available in the u. This specification defines type jet b widecut aviation turbine fuel intended for use in aircraft that are certified to use such fuel.
The most common jet fuels are kerosine fractions obtained by straightrun. However, by definition, the primary grades of jet fuel meet the specifications of astm d165519a. Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date of preparation. The continuous lower energy, emissions and noise cleen program is a federal aviation administration nextgen effort to accelerate development of environmentally promising aircraft technologies and sustainable alternative fuels. Combustion data for jeta, its constituent components, and. Jet a1 from mabanaft meets the afqrjos check list latest issue attached below which embodies the requirements of the two main specifications def stan 91091 issue 11 and astm d1655 latest issue.
In certain embodiments, the fuel compositions provided herein comprise a high concentration of at least a. The composition of crude oil is such that in practice it is impossible to avoid producing significant volumes of byproducts alongside the desired gasoline, diesel and jet fuel products. All economic sectors, including aviation, are experiencing growing pressure. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr 1910. Jet fuel article about jet fuel by the free dictionary. Jet fuel is a specific blend of fuels used in aviation to run turbine powered engines for both military and civilian use. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making and. High thermal stability is attained by removing nonhydrocarbon impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds, from the fuel, for instance, by hydrogenation. Jet fuel of types a and a1 is composed of mostly kerosene, and jet b is a napthakerosene mix. When it comes to fuel, higher density means more bang for the buck.
Jet fuel is basically highly refined kerosene its a more refined version of kerosene and burns better than diesel fuel. Provide a brief introduction to aviation fuel definitions and characteristics familiarize you with terminology and industry jargon address operational concerns related to fuel inform you of research work and possible future fuels exchange some insight into the energy of flight. It has a flash point minimum of 38 degrees c 100f and a freeze point maximum of 47 degrees c. Chemistry characterization of jet aircraft engine particulate. In the jet, the gas temperature ranges from 25200 c, chargedparticle densities are 1011 1012 cm 3, and reactive species are present in high concentrations, i. This fuel has advantages for operations in very low temperature environments compared with other fuels. The goal of this study was analysis of a spectrum of. Therefore, there are many types of each jet fuel, and each jet fuel is not specified by chemical composition air force 1989b. It depends whether you have a petrol gasoline car or a diesel car. We report the results of liquid characterization by two dif. Air force air force 1977, 1981g, 1982d, 1988a, 1989c, 1990 using specifications that are based primarily on the characteristics that give the maximum performance of the aircraft for which the fuel is used crc 1984.
Pdf the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2. W004a 2 jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics why this subject. Diesel engines are not picky on the fuel they use, and they will run on jeta. Jp4 is a naphthatype fuel made by blending straightrun kerosene streams with lower boiling distillates to fit. Jet a1 is a kerosine grade of fuel suitable for most turbine engined aircraft. Refinery net production of jet fuel by pad and refining districts. Jet fuel and diesel fuel both share similarities in composition as well as many chemical properties. October 14, 2014 page 3 of deerfoot consulting inc. Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphthatype. Astm d1655 specification, jet a1 fuel has a density of between 775. Types of jet fuel there are two basic types of turbine engine fuel commonly used today are. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons.
Pdf comparison of jet fuel produced by shale oil and. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature, among other properties most current commercial airlines and military aircraft use jet fuel for. Now with declining petroleum resources and shocking surge in the price of fuel, combined with the increase in political and environmental concern and the current economic downturn, it is imperative to develop renewably clean and energyefficient technologies for producing sustainable products of fuels. Jet b jet b is a distillate covering the naphtha and kerosene fractions. The density is determined by the quality of the crude used to produce the fuel and the refining process. For this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics commercial turbine fuelcommercial turbine fuel international air transport association iata guidance material iata add761 kerosene types and wide cut aviation fuel quality requirements for jointly operated systems afqrjos check list, jet a1, jet b nonu. Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene jet a. The composition of aviation fuels has been established by the u. Abstract the relationship between chemical composition. Jet fuel is a mixture of different hydrocarbon groups, and the mass contribution of each of these groups toward the overall chemical composition of the fuel dictates the bulk physical properties.
Military aviation jet fuel jp 8 page 1 of 10 revision date 83012 section 1 product and company identification. Diesel gas is heavier than jet fuel, with a higher number of slightly larger hydrocarbon chains, though both are primarily paraffin oils kerosene. Molar ratio molar composition % nc 10 h 22 o 2 n 2 x fuel x o2 x n2 0. Recently, an atmosphericpressure plasma jet has been developed, which exhibits many characteristics of a conventional, lowpressure glow discharge. Jet fuel and total petroleum products supplied 16 8. Jet a fuel is used exclusively in the united states with jet a1 being the primary fuel outside the united states. Read jet fuel books like sustainable flying and beginners guide to aviation biofuels pdf for free with a free 30day trial. The alternative jet fuel has a shorter first stage ignition delay. The main specifications for jet a1 grade see below are the uk specification def stan 9191 jet a1 nato code f35.
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